Archive for category: Podcast

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This episode features Dr. Amir Zarrinpar, MD PhD, from UC San Diego (USA) speaking about his work on circadian biology and host metabolism, and what’s currently known about microbial mechanisms. Dr. Zarrinpar explains that in mouse models, restricting feeding to the nocturnal (awake) period is important for their metabolic and overall health. When mice eat during the nocturnal period, the microbiome is very dynamic and essential for maintaining normal circadian rhythm. On a high-fat diet, they change their feeding timing and sleeping behavior simultaneously, and the microbiome fluctuations are disrupted. However, when mice experience time-restricted feeding they are protected from the deleterious consequences of the high-fat diet. The hypothesis is that the time-restricted feeding restores the normal circadian fluctuations of the microbiome. Even though the composition doesn’t change much, the microbes may be changing what they’re doing. Dr. Zarrinpar has used metatranscriptomics to find out what the microbes are actually doing (what genes they’re using), and saw patterns that correlated with time-restricted feeding, indicating that the microbiome may play a key role in the beneficial metabolic effects of time-restricted feeding. Overall, the host may be trying to interpret what’s happening in the environment through microbial signals. The key question to answer going forward is why certain microbe-derived signals prompt the host to alter its metabolic response.

Episode abbreviations and links:

• Paper on using metatranscriptomics to capture microbiome shifts related to circadian rhythms: Metatranscriptomics uncovers diurnal functional shifts in bacterial transgenes with profound metabolic effects
• Zarrinpar Lab website

About Dr. Amir Zarrinpar, MD PhD:

Dr. Amir Zarrinpar is an Associate Professor in the Division of Gastroenterology at UC San Diego. Dr. Zarrinpar is a renowned expert in the field of microbiome research and its applications to human health and disease. His work focuses on understanding the complex relationships between the gut microbiome, circadian rhythms, and host metabolism, with the goal of developing novel therapeutic strategies for diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and liver disease. Dr. Zarrinpar has published numerous papers in top-tier journals and has received several awards for his research, including the Litwin IBD Pioneer Award and the American Gastroenterological Association’s Microbiome Junior Investigator Research Award. He is also a dedicated mentor and educator, having supervised numerous students, fellows, and junior faculty members in his laboratory.

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This episode features Prof. Ben Willing PhD from the University of Alberta, Canada, speaking about his work investigating fermented foods such as kefir for potential cardiometabolic health benefits. The microorganisms associated with fermented foods are not standardized – for example, traditional kefirs have some microorganisms in common, but other microorganisms that are present sporadically. Moreover, kefir at the supermarket is created by taking microbial isolates (not necessarily associated with traditional kefir) and introducing them into the product. Several yeast species are present in traditional kefir but not in supermarket kefir. Prof. Willing studied the health benefits associated with traditional fermented kefir. His group found that specific kefir grains that could lower cholesterol in a mouse model and lower immune markers associated with cardiovascular disease; however, not all traditional kefirs had the same effect and supermarket kefirs were not effective. They isolated a set of 9 microorganisms to make the kefir in the lab, which were sufficient to replicate the effect. The ultimate goal is to produce a product that could be used at a commercial scale and is effective for human health. In initial human studies, the product showed a positive effect. Interestingly, a Canadian public survey about fermented foods found that consumers often expect a health benefit from fermented foods; this is an important area for future scientific and regulatory progress.

Episode abbreviations and links:

• Paper showing benefits of traditional kefir in a mouse model: Traditional kefir reduces weight gain and improves plasma and liver lipid profiles more successfully than a commercial equivalent in a mouse model of obesity
• Study showing the impact of kefir-associated microorganisms: Kefir microbial composition is a deciding factor in the physiological impact of kefir in a mouse model of obesity
• Human study: Consumption of kefir made with traditional microorganisms resulted in greater improvements in LDL cholesterol and plasma markers of inflammation in males when compared to a commercial kefir: a randomized pilot study

About Prof. Ben Willing PhD:

Prof. Willing is a Professor of Gut Microbiology and former Canada Research Chair (Tier 2) in Microbiology of Nutrigenomics in the Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science at the University of Alberta. He completed his PhD at the University of Saskatchewan studying the role of the microbiota in intestinal development in gnotobiotic pigs. His postdoctoral training was at the Swedish Agricultural University in Uppsala Sweden with Prof. Janet Jansson where he studied the relationship between the microbiome and inflammatory bowel diseases in a twin cohort, and at the University of British Columbia with Prof. Brett Finlay where he studied the impact of antibiotics and faecal transplantation on infection resistance and asthma. His research group is working to understand both fundamental and applied questions in gut microbiology, with a particular focus on how it interacts with diet and antibiotic exposures. Fundamental research includes identifying mechanisms through which specific core members of the microbiome regulate host physiology using gnotobiotic piglet and mouse models to understand their impact on infection resistance, metabolic disease and multiple sclerosis. Applied questions include developing and testing the impact of fermented foods on human health using clinical trials.

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This episode features Prof. Emad El-Omar MD FRCP from the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia, speaking about a recent paper exploring the healthy microbiome concept, as well as the latest research on how the gut microbiome contributes to the pathophysiology of several diseases. Prof. El-Omar talked about research on H. pylori-induced disease in the stomach; it’s known that these bacteria decrease acid secretion, which shifts the gastric microbiology in a way that drives progression to cancer. Prof. El-Omar recently co-authored a review paper in Gut that addressed the definition of a healthy gut microbiome. Although a definition has not yet been established, progress is being made by studying healthy people such as centenarians around the world. The best approach may be to define a core microbiome signature that’s present across healthy phenotypes. The core is likely defined by the gut microbiome’s function, so diverse compositions may be able to support health. The paper authors emphasize that pursuing knowledge about what makes a healthy microbiome is a worthwhile pursuit, and they outline what research is necessary to make continued progress in this area. Validation and reproducibility are critical for moving toward clinical applications.

Episode abbreviations and links:

• Review article on the healthy microbiome concept, co-authored by Prof. El-Omar: What defines a healthy gut microbiome?

About Prof. Emad El-Omar MD FRCP:

Professor El-Omar graduated in Medicine from Glasgow University, Scotland, and trained as a gastroenterologist. He worked as a Visiting Scholar/Scientist at Vanderbilt University, TN, and National Cancer Institute, MD, USA, and was Professor of Gastroenterology at Aberdeen University, Scotland, for 16 years before taking up the Chair of Medicine at St George & Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. He is the Editor in Chief of the journal Gut. His research interests include all aspects of the microbiome, inflammation driven GI cancer and IBD. He is the Director of the Microbiome Research Centre at UNSW/St George Hospital, Sydney.

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This episode features Dr. Céline Druart PhD of Pharmabiotic Research Institute (PRI) speaking about the role of regulatory science in the development of microbiome biomarkers. First, PRI’s Communication and Membership Manager Camille Bello briefly describes the work of the PRI in supporting the development of therapeutic and diagnostic products derived from microbiome science. Regulation is important to protect consumers and reward innovation, and the development of biomarkers that predict response to treatment, for example, can help move toward personalized medicine. Dr. Druart notes many potential microbiome-based biomarkers have emerged but none have been successfully validated to date. Regulation always follows innovation, and regulatory science is important because it helps regulatory frameworks evolve. A recent Delphi consensus paper co-authored by Dr. Druart acknowledges that biomarker development is a complex process and that a particular challenge is the lack of validation of analytical methods for measuring the microbiome. However, it’s important to remember that techniques can continue to improve even after they’ve been validated. Dr. Druart argues that biomarker validation needs public-private collaborations to design and execute the large clinical studies that are necessary.

Episode abbreviations and links:

• Recent paper co-authored by Dr. Druart: State of the art and the future of microbiome-based biomarkers: a multidisciplinary Delphi consensus
• PRI website: https://pharmabiotic.org/
• PRI LinkedIn page: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pharmabiotic-research-institute-pri
• PRI conference, February 3–5, 2026: https://www.pharmabioticsevent.com/

About Dr. Céline Druart PhD:

Céline Druart obtained her PhD in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences from UCLouvain (Belgium) in 2014. Following a 3-year project in Patrice Cani’s research group focused on developing the potential beneficial effects of a human gut commensal Akkermansia muciniphila, she worked for 3 years at A-Mansia Biotech (now known as The Akkermansia Company), responsible for clinical programs, regulatory affairs and IP dossiers, as the Scientific and Business Project Manager. Céline joined the PRI in July 2021 as Microbiome Project Manager, managing the Regulatory Science activities of the Association, coordinating Task Group work, and supporting PRI Industry Members in their development planning. She became the PRI’s Executive Director in January 2024.

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This episode features Dr. Gianluca Ianiro MD PhD, a gastroenterologist from the Fondazione A. Gemelli IRCCS and Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore in Rome (Italy), speaking about how to advance gut microbiome testing for use in medicine. His interest in the gut microbiome began with the clinical observation that fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was remarkably successful at curing recurrent C. difficile infection – and from there, he began a program of research on FMT. Current gut microbiome tests are widely variable and don’t provide any clinically relevant information, but some people do them out of curiosity. Over the years it’s become increasingly clear that gut microbiome testing must be standardized to move toward clinical utility. Dr. Ianiro co-authored a recent consensus paper on the challenges of gut microbiome testing and how to move toward standardization. He describes several initiatives that aim to standardize and validate gut microbiome testing, from sample collection to analysis. Dr. Ianiro says promising data exist for gut microbiome testing to predict colorectal cancer, to predict the response to some cancer treatments, and to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease. The field is moving toward some important factors that define a microbiome as “healthy”, but these need to be associated with a clear health outcome if they’re eventually to be used in clinical practice.

Episode abbreviations and links:

• Consensus paper on microbiome testing, co-authored by Dr. Ianiro: International consensus statement on microbiome testing in clinical practice
• “Healthy microbiome” consensus paper by Human Microbiome Action: Examining the healthy human microbiome concept
• Article by Liping Zhao on microbial guild-based analysis of the gut microbiome: Guild-based analysis for understanding gut microbiome in human health and diseases
• Paper from Zitvogel lab on gut microbiome to predict cancer treatment response: Gut microbiome influences efficacy of PD-1–based immunotherapy against epithelial tumors
• Two papers on gut microbiome testing for identifying colorectal cancer: Metagenomic analysis of colorectal cancer datasets identifies cross-cohort microbial diagnostic signatures and a link with choline degradation, Association of distinct microbial signatures with premalignant colorectal adenomas
• Paper on gut microbiome testing for identifying inflammatory bowel disease: Noninvasive, microbiome-based diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease

About Dr. Gianluca Ianiro MD PhD:

Gianluca Ianiro is a gastroenterologist at the Digestive Disease Center of the Fondazione A. Gemelli IRCCS and adjunct professor in gastroenterology at the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore in Rome, Italy.

He has since gone on to establish himself as a key clinical and translational investigator focusing mainly in the field of intestinal microbiota, and has received several research grants in support of his innovative research. His current research is focused mainly on disentangling the rules of donor microbiome engraftment, on investigating microbiome diagnostics and therapeutics in noncommunicable disorders (including cancer), and on bringing microbiome into clinical practice.

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This episode features Dr. Anissa Armet PhD RD from the University of Alberta in Canada, speaking about the impact of diet on both the gut microbiota and overall health. Dr. Armet, a registered dietitian and researcher, says the Western diet along with the associated gut microbiome changes have played a role (amongst other things) in the rise of autoimmune diseases in industrialized societies. Dr. Armet describes a recent dietary study she and her collaborators published, for which they created a very high fiber diet called the Non-Industrialized Microbiome restore (NiMe, pronounced “nee mee”) diet. They created recipes and meal plans based on what some non-industrialized populations in the world typically consume, which included 45 grams of dietary fiber per day, and only small portions of animal proteins and dairy products. The participants in this controlled feeding trial saw substantial cardiometabolic benefits as well as certain changes in the gut microbiota after three weeks on the diet. Interestingly, the diet initially reduced the diversity of participants’ gut microbiota, likely because of increased pH in the gut, but diversity rebounded toward the end of the trial. The researchers also introduced a strain of L. reuteri isolated from the gut microbiota of people in a non-industrialized society, to observe whether it would engraft since the diet was known to contain growth substrates for the bacteria. Although the strain did not engraft in the gut microbiota (except in one participant), the health benefits of the diet overall were still observed. The researchers concluded that the NiMe diet can be used to target the gut microbiome and change community characteristics that are relevant for health.

Episode abbreviations and links:

• Dr. Armet’s Instagram account
• Published study on the NiMe diet (called the “restore diet” in the publication): Cardiometabolic benefits of a non-industrialized-type diet are linked to gut microbiome modulation
• Previous research in Papua New Guinea, which informed the NiMe diet: The Gut Microbiota of Rural Papua New Guineans: Composition, Diversity Patterns, and Ecological Processes
• Review on how the gut microbiome informs knowledge about healthy dietary patterns: Rethinking healthy eating in light of the gut microbiome
• New publication from another research group, which complements the NiMe study findings: Immune and metabolic effects of African heritage diets versus Western diets in men: a randomized controlled trial
• Downloadable NiMe diet book: The NiMe Diet: Scientific Principles and Recipes

About Dr. Anissa Armet PhD RD:

Dr. Anissa Armet is a Registered Dietitian and postdoctoral researcher at the University of Alberta. Anissa completed her PhD in Nutrition and Metabolism in March 2024, then transitioned into her postdoc to research the effects of microbiome-targeted dietary interventions in inflammatory bowel diseases. She uses machine learning to determine if the gut microbiome predicts clinical responses in the context of precision nutrition. Anissa has authored several peer-reviewed publications, including a review on healthy eating in light of the gut microbiome and a dietary intervention trial on microbiome restoration. Being equally passionate about knowledge translation, Anissa co-authored an award-winning, open-access, high-protein cookbook designed to support muscle health, is currently developing a plant-based version, and recently co-authored an open-access ebook, The NiMe Diet: Scientific Principles and Recipes.

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This episode features Dr. Vanessa Leone PhD from the University of Wisconsin – Madison on how gut microbes and eating patterns impact the host circadian system and overall health. In mouse models, Dr. Leone has found that in a 24-hour period, minor changes occur in the composition of the gut microbiota, while more important changes occur in gut microbiota function (that is, metabolite production). However, these changes depend on the type of diet and the timing of meal consumption. Metabolic health is also affected by this interplay. In humans, obesity is correlated with loss of microbiota rhythmicity, although causality remains unclear. One study by Dirk Haller found that a loss of rhythmicity helped predict which people with prediabetes would progress to diabetes. Constantly shifting timezones (or shifting between day and night shifts) appears to be more detrimental to metabolic health than maintaining a constant schedule, and research is ongoing about what might mitigate these effects. In this field of research it’s important to consider people’s chronotype: their tendency to rise early versus stay up late. In the future, Dr. Leone hopes to untangle more about how different factors affect metabolic health: diet, gut microbiota, and the circadian system.

Episode abbreviations and links:

• Paper from the lab of Dirk Haller showing that 13 OTUs lost rhythms in those with prediabetes, predicting who might develop diabetes: Arrhythmic Gut Microbiome Signatures Predict Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
• Review paper: Daily Eating Patterns and Their Impact on Health and Disease
• Paper on the importance of timing in microbiome sample collection: Time of sample collection is critical for the replicability of microbiome analyses
• University of Wisconsin – Madison Leone Lab webpage

About Dr. Vanessa Leone PhD:

Vanessa A. Leone, Ph.D. is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Animal & Dairy Sciences at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where she also obtained a Ph.D. She performed postdoctoral studies and was an Instructor of Medicine at the University of Chicago in the Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition where she examined how the gut microbiome impacts complex metabolic  diseases. Dr. Leone currently studies how day vs. night oscillatory patterns of gut microbes influence the body’s internal clock and metabolism. She hopes to mechanistically define what constitutes a microbial oscillator versus a non-oscillator, examine how host factors impact the broader diurnal structure and functional outputs of the gut microbiome, and to determine how microbial oscillations impact host metabolism. These findings will likely pave the way to identify how timed delivery of pre-, pro-, or postbiotics can be leveraged to promote a balanced gut microbiota and improve host health.

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This episode features Dr. Abigail (Abbey) Thiel PhD, who works remotely (from the US) with Wageningen University to manage a project focused on developing animal-free milk proteins using precision fermentation. Dr. Thiel explains that the motivation for the project is to find alternatives to animal-produced foods using microorganisms to produce key components of dairy products. Her project focuses on producing the protein casein, which is found in milk (and contributes to its structure and stability), to eventually produce a milk substitute or a protein powder that could be used as a food ingredient. A specific yeast is used to produce the casein: the scientists insert directions for making the protein into the yeast, then put it in a bioreactor to produce the protein. After that, they figure out how to purify the protein so it can be used in various applications. The final step is upscaling the process to produce abundant and cost-effective casein. The group has also started initial digestion studies to see how the purified casein is digested. Meanwhile, Dr. Thiel is passionate about food science communication and has a YouTube channel called Abbey the Food Scientist, where she strives to build awareness of food science as a career and also to address myths about food science.

Episode abbreviations and links:

• Book co-edited by Dr. Thiel: Careers in Food Science
• Abbey the Food Scientist YouTube channel

About Dr. Abigail Thiel PhD:

Abigail (Abbey) Thiel is a food scientist, educator, and project manager of research focused on producing milk proteins using yeast. She earned her PhD in Food Science from the University of Wisconsin-Madison and later worked as a postdoctoral researcher at Wageningen University & Research in the Netherlands. Abbey is passionate about making the science behind food accessible to all. She runs a successful YouTube channel with over 1.4 million views, breaking down food science concepts for everyday audiences, and created an online course, Food Science for Beginners. In addition, she develops high school curriculum and educational resources to help students explore food science as a career path.

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This episode features Dr. Paul Cotter PhD of TEAGASC in Ireland, talking about the creation of fermented foods and how they can lead to health benefits. A huge array of foods can be fermented, and historically fermentation was used to extend the shelf life of a food that people had an abundance of. Dr. Cotter’s work in the field originally started with a bacteria-killing bacteriocin that had been isolated from kefir, and later moved toward the microbes in fermented foods. Currently he’s interested in comparing the artisanal approach to fermented foods, which leads to somewhat unpredictable results in the final products, with the industrial approach, which leads to more consistent results. In different artisanal fermented foods, which strains are common and which are unique? Potentially some of the strains can be used to confer a health benefit, and even a benefit that’s personalized to an individual. Dr. Cotter sees the role of fermented foods as possibly targeting pre-disease rather than disease if their ability to confer health benefits can be unravelled further.

Episode abbreviations and links:

• Paper in Cell showing huge microbial diversity in foods: Unexplored microbial diversity from 2,500 food metagenomes and links with the human microbiome
• DOMINO research project website

Additional resources:

ISAPP infographic: Fermented foods

About Dr. Paul Cotter PhD:

Prof Paul Cotter is the Head of Food Biosciences at Teagasc (the Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority), is a Principal Investigator with the large Irish Research Centres, APC Microbiome Ireland, VistaMilk and Food for Health Ireland and head of microbiology/co-founder of SeqBiome, a microbiome sequencing and bioinformatics service provider. He is a molecular microbiologist, with a particular focus on the microbiology of foods (especially fermented foods), the food systems and of humans, as well as probiotics and postbiotics. Prof Cotter is the author of >400 peer-reviewed, was included in the Clarivate list of highly cited researchers for 2018-2024, received an honorary doctorate from the University of Antwerp in 2024 and is the Field Chief Editor of Frontiers in Microbiology.

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In this episode, ISAPP’s current President Prof. Maria Marco PhD and past President Prof. Dan Merenstein join the podcast hosts for a conversation about highlights in biotic science from the past year. Prof. Marco points out a paper published in Nature Microbiology, the result of an ISAPP discussion group exploring whether diet may be a confounder of biotic effects in clinical studies. The group concluded that scientists should work with dietitians to include data on participants’ habitual diet in future studies on biotics – particularly with on prebiotics. These efforts will help scientists establish causality and understand the basis of individual responses to a biotic intervention. Prof. Merenstein highlighted conversations in 2024 around the role of probiotics in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), including ISAPP’s panel on this topic at the annual meeting in Cork, Ireland. Although US regulators have recently warned against the use of probiotics for preterm infants in the NICU setting, the data overwhelmingly points to benefits and this may eventually drive regulatory change. Prof. Marco added that a take-away from ISAPP’s panel was that parents of preterm infants should be included in the decision-making around whether to use probiotics. The guests talked about Prof. Merenstein’s recent appointment to the National Academy of Medicine and his rigorous approach to primary care research. Further highlights in the science this year were ISAPP’s papers exploring evidence for probiotics restoring an antibiotic-disrupted microbiota, and evidence for the benefits of probiotics in healthy individuals – both of which found a lack of conclusive evidence to answer these questions. Many gaps exist in the knowledge around biotics, gut microbiota, and health – for example, another paper this year found that the abundance of microorganisms in a fecal sample is a confounder of microbiome-disease associations. And finally, beyond the scientific advancements, conveying the scientific concepts to the general public requires careful consideration and dedicated effort.

Episode abbreviations and links:

• ISAPP paper calling for dietary data to be included in clinical trials on biotics: Design and reporting of prebiotic and probiotic clinical trials in the context of diet and the gut microbiome
• Blog article on ISAPP’s panel on the use of probiotics for preterm infants: Expert Panel at ISAPP Annual Meeting Addresses Probiotic Use for Premature Infants
• Blog article on Prof. Merenstein’s appointment to the National Academy of Medicine: ISAPP Board Member Prof. Dan Merenstein MD Elected to National Academy of Medicine
• Explanation of ISAPP’s paper exploring whether probiotics restore an antibiotic-disrupted microbiota: ISAPP panel concludes that more evidence is needed to determine whether probiotics help restore an antibiotic-disrupted microbiota
• Paper showing fecal microbial load may confound microbiome-disease associations: Fecal microbial load is a major determinant of gut microbiome variation and a confounder for disease associations

About Prof. Maria Marco PhD

Dr. Maria Marco, PhD, is a Professor in the Department of Food Science and Technology at the University of California, Davis. She earned her bachelor’s degree in microbiology at The Pennsylvania State University and her PhD in microbiology at the University of California, Berkeley. As a postdoc at NIZO food research in The Netherlands, she developed a love for lactic acid bacteria and the importance of these microorganisms in our foods and the digestive tract. Her postdoctoral studies led to the discovery that probiotics are metabolically active in the intestine and responsive to dietary intake. Dr. Marco started her lactic acid bacteria and gut health laboratory at UC Davis in 2008 and has built an internationally-recognized, NIH, USDA, and NSF funded research program on probiotics, fermented foods, and dietary modulation of the gut microbiome. Dr. Marco also consults with and has received funding from international foundations and companies to investigate how certain microbes in foods or supplements may benefit health. She is active with science communication activities such as the EATLAC project and is the instructor for two food microbiology courses. Dr. Marco received the American Society for Microbiology Distinguished Lecturer award in 2012. Recently, she founded the ongoing Gordon Research Conference series on Lactic Acid Bacteria. Dr. Marco attended her first ISAPP meeting as a postdoc and participated as an invited expert before joining the ISAPP Board of Directors in 2019.

About Prof. Dan Merenstein

Dr. Daniel Merenstein, MD, is a Professor with tenure of Family Medicine at Georgetown University, where he also directs Family Medicine research. Dr. Merenstein has a secondary appointment in the undergraduate Department of Human Science, in the School of Health. Dr. Merenstein teaches two undergraduate classes, a research capstone and a seminar class on evaluating evidence based medical decisions. He has been funded by PCORI, NIH, USDA, foundations and industry. The primary goal of Dr. Merenstein’s research is to provide answers to common clinical questions that lack evidence and improve patient care. Dr. Merenstein is a clinical trialist who has recruited over 2,000 participants for 10 probiotic trials since 2006. He is an expert on probiotics, on antibiotic stewardship in outpatient settings, and also conducts HIV research in a large women’s cohort. He sees patients in clinic one day a week. Dan lives in Maryland with his wife and 4 boys.